Stone runs in the Falkland Islands: Periglacial or tropical?     

Marie-Franoise Andr  Kevin Hall  Pascal Bertran  Joselito Arocena 《Geomorphology》2008,95(3-4):524-543

“Stone runs” is the Falklands vernacular term for openwork boulder accumulations, which include extensive blockstreams like the famous Darwin “stone-river” and associated features such as stone stripes. Since the early 20th century, they have been interpreted as the product of a suite of periglacial processes, including frost-wedging, gelifluction, frost heave, frost-sorting and snowmelt runoff. Following a literature review, the results of recent field investigations of the valley-floor blockstreams of East Falkland are presented. Access to the internal structure of these forms provides evidence for the existence of a three-fold profile, with clear vertical size gradation presenting striking similarities with an inverted weathering profile. Micromorphological analyses, SEM, XRD, thin sections and grain-size analyses lead to the hypothesis of an alternative model of stone run formation. It is suggested that the material forming the stone run profile lato sensu (including the superficial pavement) is not of periglacial origin, but derives directly from the stripping and accumulation downslope of a regolith, possibly Tertiary in age and formed under subtropical or temperate conditions. The valley-floor stone runs should, therefore, be considered as complex polygenetic landforms that may have formed according to a six-stage scenario, including in situ chemical weathering, regolith stripping by mass movements, soil formation, further regolith stripping, downslope accumulation and matrix washing-out (all phases possibly achieved by the Early Quaternary). Periglacial reworking of the stone run material would have operated at a “final” stage, i.e. during Quaternary cold stages, with boulder bioweathering and limonite-staining operating during the temperate intervals including the present one. The suggested antiquity of the Falklands blockstreams is in accordance with Caine's pioneer interpretation of Tasmania blockfields and with recent analyses and cosmogenic datings of blockfields from Scandinavia and North America.  相似文献   

Origin of a complex and spatially diverse dune-field pattern, Algodones, southeastern California   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

Dana Derickson  Gary Kocurek  Ryan C. Ewing  Charlie Bristow 《Geomorphology》2008,99(1-4):186-204

The Algodones Dune Field of southeastern California shows a complex and spatially diverse dune-field pattern that is superimposed upon a series of topographic lineations. Analysis of dune-field pattern parameters (dune crest length, crest orientation, dune spacing and defect density) derived from aerial images indicates that the dune-field pattern represents two constructional generations. Prominent compound crescentic dunes formed during the first constructional generation. A younger generation consists of a variety of simple crescentic dunes, linear dunes and zibars. Statistical differences in the pattern parameters between the dune groups within the second generation are resolved through consideration of the boundary conditions under which the dune pattern evolved, and provide explanations for: (1) diversity of dune types, (2) range in implied constructional times, (3) range in crest orientations, and (4) the anomalous nature of the population of linear dunes. The boundary conditions that have modified pattern development include orographic effects, grain size, vegetation, areal extent and antecedent conditions. Topographic lineations in the Algodones range from the Western Ramp, which defines the field margin, to subtle features masked by the pattern of dunes. Imaging of the Western Ramp using Ground Penetrating Radar shows high-angle cross-strata migrating perpendicular to the lineation trend. The most plausible hypothesis for the origin of the lineations is as dune ridges sequentially shed from adjacent Lake Cahuilla, which is the source of Algodones sands. The overall geomorphic complexity of the Algodones originates from the emplacement of the dune ridges during stages of Lake Cahuilla, the two generations of dune-field construction, and the controls exerted by boundary conditions.  相似文献   

1971-2011年青藏高原干湿气候区界线的年代际变化     

郑然  李栋梁 《中国沙漠》2016,36(4):1106-1115

气候变化是沙漠化的重要影响因素,了解青藏高原的气候背景变化是探讨高原沙漠化的基础。利用1971-2011年青藏高原81个站点逐日气温、降水等多种气象要素资料,采用面积权重方法研究了近41a高原干湿气候变化的年代际波动特征。结果表明：近年来高原气温持续升高,降水显著增加,于20世纪90年代中后期变得更暖更湿;平均风速由显著下降趋势转变为平稳变化;相对湿度由上升趋势转为下降趋势,且下降幅度明显;日照时数自80年代开始显著下降,进入21世纪转为上升趋势。在这5个因子共同作用下潜在蒸发量于90年代中后期发生明显转折,由下降趋势转为上升趋势。20世纪90年代中后期是高原气候变化的重要节点。高原干湿界线年代际波动明显,不同干湿气候区的面积存在年代际差异,整体表现为各界线均向西北方向移动,极端干旱区、干旱区面积有所减小,半干旱区、半湿润区及湿润区面积有所增大。干湿指数0.5线与高原沙漠化界线重合,干湿界线波动变化在一定程度可反映高原沙漠化变化情况。  相似文献   

四川盆地及其周缘下古生界页岩气保存条件研究   总被引：11，自引：1，他引：10  

聂海宽  包书景  高波  边瑞康  张培先  武晓玲  叶欣  陈新军 《地学前缘》2012,19(3):280-294

页岩气的勘探表明,页岩含气已成为一个不争的事实,但是含气的规模以及是否具有工业价值需要进一步研究。与美国相比,中国页岩气具有独特的地质条件,页岩气保存条件可能是中国南方下古生界页岩气勘探研究的重点。文中以四川盆地及其周缘下古生界下寒武统和上奥陶统-下志留统页岩层系为研究对象,从物质基础、构造作用和演化历史、地层水条件、盖层及其微观性质、天然气组分和压力系数等几个方面对页岩气的保存条件进行研究,并综合分析各种指标,提出页岩气保存条件综合评价指标体系,以期对四川盆地及其周缘下古生界页岩气勘探提供更进一步的参考资料。  相似文献   

羌塘盆地中生界海相黑色泥页岩特征及页岩气远景区预测   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王丽波  苏爱国  郑有业  李超  久凯 《地学前缘》2012,19(3):264-279

青藏高原羌塘盆地中生界发育上三叠统肖茶卡组（T3x）、中侏罗统布曲组（J2b）和上侏罗统索瓦组（J3s）3套海相黑色泥页岩,形成于有机质比较丰富且易于保存的营养型还原性沉积环境,以台地相为主,其次为盆地相和三角洲相;厚度在41～474 m范围内,有机碳（TOC）含量平均值为0.25%～8.34%,有机质类型主要为Ⅱ型干酪根,镜质体反射率（Ro）平均值为1.21%～3.0%,处于高-过成熟生气阶段,脆性矿物以石英、长石为主,含量为65%～70%,页岩孔隙度约2%。与美国主要盆地产气页岩各项指标相比较,羌塘盆地中生界海相黑色泥页岩具有厚度大、有机质丰度低、热演化熟度高、脆性矿物种类多、石英含量较低、长石和粘土矿物含量较高及孔隙度低的特征,具备了形成页岩气基本地质条件,是我国海相页岩气勘探的沉积盆地之一,综合评价预测的页岩气远景区以上三叠统肖茶卡组（T3x）分布范围大,其次是布曲组（J2b）和索瓦组（J3s）。  相似文献   

山东平邑县德埠庄石膏矿区北矿段水文地质特征分析     

朱昶  李霖  刘红  许锦亮  何平 《山东国土资源》2013,29(9)

德埠庄石膏矿区北矿段位于平邑凹陷的西部,通过研究区内地质孔简易水文地质编录、水文地质孔分层抽水试验,查明了矿床水文地质条件及石膏矿带含水特征,确定水文地质单元边界条件模型,采用“水文地质比拟法”预测矿床正常涌水量和最大涌水量,在此基础上划定矿床水文地质条件属于中等型。  相似文献   

On the stability of a non-convolutional perfectly matched layer for isotropic elastic media     

Kristel C. Meza-Fajardo  Apostolos S. Papageorgiou 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2010

The multi-axial perfectly matched layer (M-PML) is a material boundary condition for wave propagation problems in unbounded domains. It is obtained by extending the formulation of the split-field perfectly matched layer to a more general absorptive medium, for which damping profiles are specified along all dimensions of the problem. Under the hypothesis of small damping, it has been demonstrated that the stability of the system of partial differential equations of the M-PML can be related to the ratio of the damping profiles, and stable M-PML terminations for isotropic and orthotropic elastic media have been constructed. In the present work, we use the Routh–Horwitz determinants to demonstrate that the conclusions regarding the stability of M-PML for isotropic media for small damping are in fact valid for the more general case of damping coefficients of any (positive) value. The effectiveness of the M-PML is demonstrated by constructing stable terminations for the abovementioned media. The stability analysis is presented for 2-D in-plane (P-SV) wave propagation in elastic isotropic continua.  相似文献   

福建皇山铅锌多金属矿地质特征及成矿标志     

张蔚语 《火山地质与矿产》2010,(4):286-290

文章介绍了福建皇山铅锌矿矿区地层、构造和岩浆岩,通过对矿体地质特征的描述、岩浆岩化学成分组成特征及成矿条件分析,提出矿区找矿标志。  相似文献   

岩溶山区聚落格局演变等级效应及其与交通条件的关系——以贵州省后寨河、王家寨、茂兰地区为例   总被引：7，自引：4，他引：3  

罗光杰  李阳兵  王世杰 《中国岩溶》2011,30(3):320-326

运用1963年、80年代2004年三期高分辩率影像数据源和GIS分析方法,以贵州省后寨河、王家寨、茂兰地区为例,按空间规模将聚落分为五级,并探讨其分布格局演变规律与交通条件的关系。结果表明:(1)1963年,高等级聚落个数较少,低等级聚落较多;高等级聚落多分布在水源条件好、耕地资源多而优的峰林-平原地带;(2)1963年到80年代期间,岩溶山区聚落发展主要集中于中等级聚落,高、低等级聚落变化不大;(3)到2004年,各等级聚落的数量和规模均得到了较大发展,但发展的强度主要出现在两极(1级、5级);(4)岩溶山区聚落等级变化受交通条件影响较大,同时也受制于区域经济发展水平、自然地理因素影响;(5)今后聚落优化建设、交通条件改善应以4级聚落作为重点对象,5级聚落的重构应重点考虑空间迁移,方向为公路两侧,以改善对外通达度。   相似文献   

吐哈盆地胜北构造带油气成藏过程     

柳波  黄志龙  王玫玫  张建波  陈建琪 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2011,41(4):1006-1012

吐哈盆地台北富油凹陷胜北构造带的原油为水西沟煤系源岩及七克台组湖相源岩所生,天然气为煤型气。油源对比结果表明：七克台组以上含油气层的原油主要为湖相油,天然气主要为煤型气;七克台组以下含油气层的原油主要为煤型油,主要成藏期为晚第三纪末。胜北构造带成藏要素的配置关系,控制了本区不同类型油气的分布规律。晚第三纪七克台组湖相原油通过断裂运移时,优先聚集在物性较好的白垩系储层中;晚第三纪末－第四纪,在煤型气向上运移过程中,可以进入稠油堵塞、储集层物性较差的侏罗系喀拉扎组砂岩,形成凝析气藏。由于喀拉扎组中上部厚层泥岩封堵性好,天然气只有一部分继续向上运移到白垩系连木沁组油藏,形成了现今胜北构造带纵向上上油下气的分布特点。  相似文献